I think there is a relationship between antisemitism and misogyny, although it is a complex one. It is possible to be an antisemite, and not a misogynist or vice versa, but often they do go together and not just because someone with one irrational prejudice is likely to have several prejudices. In other words, there is an intrinsic link between them, a causal link, albeit not a certain one. To understand why, we need to look at one of the biggest crisis points in Jewish history, nearly 2,000 years ago.

In the time of the Hebrew Bible, the Israelites feature as Bronze Age warrior tribes and later a united kingdom of Bronze or Iron Age warrior tribes that quickly fractured into two kingdoms. Aside from being monotheists (and not always even that), these tribes and kingdoms were not very different from those around them.

Things changed in late antiquity, between 70 CE and 135 CE. In this period, a series of revolts against Roman rule in Judea and elsewhere in the Roman Empire were brutally suppressed by the Roman army.

Realising that defeating the mighty Roman Empire on the battlefield was impossible and having already, in 70 CE, lost the Temple in Jerusalem, the centre of Jewish religious life, the rabbis reorientated Judaism towards Torah study as the primary mode of Jewish expression. No longer would they fight God’s enemies as warriors.